Animal behaviour often appears strange when viewed through a human lens, yet careful research frequently reveals that unusual actions serve clear biological functions. In 2025, several peer-reviewed ...

All organisms rely on the immune system to protect them against disease. Unlike mammals, insects lack acquired immunity and rely solely on the innate immune system, which consists of cellular and ...

I've been studying various aspects of animal behavior, especially in mammals, for many decades and have always felt uneasy about how cultural values have limited our true understanding of the dynamics ...